Enabling learning in demonstration farms: A literature review

Demonstration farms have a long tradition and have proved to be an effective means of supporting farmers in
problem solving at the farm level. The new demands of complex and uncertain agricultural systems call for a renewed
understanding of the approaches used and the concepts that underpin them, in particular those relating to farmer
learning in the demonstration. A multi-faceted demonstration ‘learning system’ creates different contexts or
conditions that enable learning. Of these contexts and conditions, structural and functional characteristics provide a
good framework for analysis. This review paper aims to identify the key functional characteristics that enable learning
in demonstrations. The paper provides a narrative review which presents, and builds on, the state of the art with
respect to the main topic – enabling learning in demonstration farms. It draws on a wide body of literature, firstly
with respect to theoretical insights into different forms of learning (single and double loop) and social learning
processes, and secondly with respect to the factors that enable learning at programme level (e.g. strategies and
approaches) and at farm and event level (e.g. mediation techniques). In doing this, it provides the building blocks for
analysing the functional characteristics relevant to enabling learning in demonstrations. It concludes by drawing out
the links between the demonstration objective, the functional characteristics and different forms and processes of
learning. This work is taken from work in the EU H2020 project AgriDemo-F2F project and complements two other
papers in this Special issue which examine the structural enabling environment and the cognitive processes of farm
level peer-peer learning. An increased understanding of how learning through demonstration can be enabled in an
increasingly complex context will help to develop institutions and programmes that aim to foster innovation in
sustainable agriculture.