Knowledge-technology-based discovery of unauthorized genetically modified organisms

Various legislations worldwide provide a framework for the authorization of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and products derived therefrom. Despite these regulations, novel GMOs occasionally enter the market without authorization (Table 1) and are referred to as unauthorized GMOs (UGMs). The presence of UGMs in food and feed raises safety and labeling concerns, and challenges international trade. Recently reported UGM incidents have created
an urgent need to harmonize regulations at a global level, and call for appropriate strategies to discover UGMs. However, some novel UGMs are intrinsically difficult to detect using current analytical strategies for reasons
outlined herein. We therefore propose a paradigm shift in the way UGMs can be discovered: a documentation based screening for products that potentially contain UGMs using knowledge technologies, followed by analytical confirmation. Here, we will describe the main concepts of the novel approach, illustrate it with a case study, and outline benefits, limitations, and complementarities
compared with the current analytical detection strategy.