Zinc status assessment and the impact of dietary zinc on claw quality in pigs

Miriam Van Riet

Zinc status assessment and the impact of dietary zinc on claw quality in pigs

Miriam Van Riet

Onderzoeksoutput: Scriptie › Doctoraatsscriptie - Doctoraatsscriptie › peer review

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Klauwproblemen en kreupelheid bij varkens zijn multifactoriële aandoeningen en zijn een belangrijk aandachtspunt voor het dierenwelzijn en de rentabiliteit van het bedrijf. Bijna alle zeugen hebben één of meer klauwproblemen, variërend in type en ernst. Om klauwproblemen bij varkens te voorkomen, moet de kwaliteit van de klauw gehandhaafd blijven zodat de hoornproductie optimaal blijft. Zink, als essentieël micromineraal, is belangrijk voor veel lichaamsfuncties en lijkt belangrijk te zijn voor hoornproductie (Hoofdstuk 1), maar de precieze rol is onduidelijk. Binnen dit proefschrift zal het bepalen van Zn status en de rol van Zn concentratie in het voeder op Zn status en klauwkwaliteit bij varkens centraal staan (Hoofdstuk 2).
In de eerste studie (Hoofdstuk 3) werden biomarkers voor Zn status beoordeeld op de geschiktheid om Zn deficiëntie te diagnosticeren of om de Zn behoefte en beschikbaarheid te bepalen bij productiedieren. De reactie van biomarkers op verschillende Zn concentraties in het voeder verschilde tussen biomarkers en niet alle biomarkers zijn geschikt voor alle doelstellingen. Biomarkers moeten daarom gekozen worden op basis van de studie-specifieke doelstelling.
In een observationele studie (Hoofdstuk 4) werden de variaties van biomarkers voor Zn status gedurende een reproductieve cyclus bij 5 primipare en 10 multipare zeugen gevolgd. De zeugen kregen een voeder met 124.2 mg Zn/kg tijdens dracht en 124.5 mg Zn/kg tijdens lactatie (adequate Zn concentratie boven de aanbevolen behoefte van 100 mg Zn/kg). Voor elke Zn status biomarker (plasma Zn, serum metallothioneïne, serum alkalisch fosfatase en serum albumine concentratie) werden fluctuaties waargenomen gedurende de reproductieve cyclus, onafhankelijk van pariteit. De waargenomen patronen verschilden echter tussen de biomarkers.
Reproductie beïnvloedde de concentraties van biomarkers voor Zn status. De Zn bron, eiwitbron en Zn concentratie in het voeder zijn echter ook factoren die mogelijk een effect hebben op Zn status. De impact van Zn bron en eiwitbron werd geïdentificeerd bij 56 zeugen tijdens late dracht (Hoofdstuk 5). De zeugen werden gedurende 20 dagen gevolgd en de Zn concentratie in het voeder was adequaat. Fluctuaties in plasma Zn and serum metallothioneïne concentraties als Zn status biomarker werden waargenomen, maar er werd geen interactie gevonden tussen Zn- en eiwitbron. Noch Zn bron noch eiwitbron beïnvloede de schijnbare faecale Zn absorptie of de faecale Zn concentratie. De verteerbaarheid van nutiënten was lager bij zeugen gevoederd met gehydrolyseerd verenmeel.
De impact van Zn concentratie in het voeder op de biomarkers voor Zn status en klauwkwaliteit werd onderzocht bij gespeende biggen (Hoofdstuk 6a) en zeugen (Hoofdstuk 6b). Bij niet-gesupplementeerde gespeende biggen was de plasma Zn concentratie lager dan bij biggen die gedurende 5 weken 100 mg toegevoegd Zn/kg voeder werden gevoederd. Hoorngroei en slijtage waren ook lager voor deze groep biggen. Hoewel klauwconformatie verschilde, weken histologische kenmerken niet af (Hoofdstuk 6a). In de longitudinale studie bij zes groepen zeugen, werden zeugen binnen elke groep willekeurig verdeeld in een voedergroep variërend in Zn concentratie (0, 50 of 100 mg toegevoegd Zn/kg voeder) en gehuisvest in vaste groepen van dag 28 tot dag 108 tijdens dracht op een vloer van beton of beton met rubber toplaag (Hoofdstuk 6b). In deze longitudinale studie verschilde biomarkers voor Zn status (serum metallothioneïne concentratie en Zn concentraties in plasma, bot, lever, en hoornwand) niet tussen de verschillende voedergroepen. De waargenomen fluctuaties van Zn status biomarkers tijdens de reproductive cycles in hoofdstuk 4 werden bevestigd in deze studie. Voor klauwkwaliteit lijkt Zn concentratie in het voeder een ondergeschikte rol te spelen, vooral in vergelijking met de effecten gevonden voor vloertype. Ondanks een aantal verschillen tussen voedergroepen voor klauwproblemen en klauwconformatie werden geen systematische verschillen gevonden.
De bevindingen van dit proefschrift tonen aan dat biomarkers voor het bepalen van Zn status zorgvuldig geselecteerd dienen te worden en dat de waargenomen concentraties beïnvloed worden door de fase in de reproductie. De concentraties in het bloed lijken onafhankelijk te zijn van Zn concentratie in het voeder, Zn bron en eiwitbron. Klauwkwaliteit leek niet te worden beïnvloed door de Zn concentratie in het voeder bij zeugen, maar kan bij jonge dieren belangrijk zijn wanneer geen Zn werd toegevoegd aan het voeder.

Oorspronkelijke taal	Engels
Plaats van publicatie	Gent
Uitgever	Universiteit Gent
Publicatiestatus	Gepubliceerd - 18-dec.-2015

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Zinc status assessment and the impact of dietary zinc on claw quality in pigs!!Submitted manuscript, 6,16 MB

ZEUKREU: De ontwikkeling en preventie van klauw- en pootproblemen bij zeugen in groepshuisvesting : interactieve effecten van gedrag, voeding en stalvloer
De Campeneere, S. (Projectverantwoordelijke), Millet, S. (Projectbegeleider), Tuyttens, F. (Projectbegeleider), Van Riet, M. (Voormalig Onderzoeker) & Bos, E.-J. (Voormalig doctoraatsstudent)
1/11/10 → 31/01/15
Project: Onderzoek

Dit citeren

@phdthesis{6eb9bbfd5ecd42fe87a943dfbd0b7b59,

title = "Zinc status assessment and the impact of dietary zinc on claw quality in pigs",

abstract = "Zn status assessment to diagnose Zn deficiency or to determine Zn requirements and Zn availability was evaluated for production animals. Responses to dietary Zn concentration differ between biomarkers and not all biomarkers are suitable for all study objectives. Dietary Zn intake is preferred as additional biomarker to plasma Zn concentration or daily growth as response criterion. Body tissues and plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) seem less suitable, and metallothionein (MT) as biomarker requires further research. Biomarkers therefore need to be selected based on the particular research question. The concentration of some suitable biomarkers may be influenced by reproduction. In order to understand clearly the physiological variations of biomarkers throughout the reproductive cycle of sows, we performed an observational study with the most suitable biomarkers for Zn status assessment (Chapter 4). Five primiparous and 10 multiparous sows were followed as one group for one reproductive cycle. Blood samples collected at regular intervals during the reproductive cycle were analysed for plasma Zn, serum MT, serum ALP, and serum albumin concentration. Fluctuations were found for each biomarker throughout the reproductive cycle (P<0.050), independently of parity, but the observed patterns differ among the biomarkers. As phase within the reproductive cycle interferes with Zn status biomarkers, dietary Zn concentration, Zn source and protein source may influence Zn status as well. We tried to identify the impact of Zn source and protein source in sows during late gestation (Chapter 5). Sows (n=56) at the end of gestation (d86) were fed a diet that differed in the combination of Zn and protein source for 20 days. An organic or inorganic Zn source was supplemented to soybean meal or hydrolysed feather meal. Plasma Zn concentration tended to decrease from d1 to d20 (P=0.053), whereas serum MT concentration increased (P<0.001). No interaction was found between Zn and protein source for plasma Zn (P=0.158) and serum MT concentration. Neither Zn nor protein source affected the apparent faecal Zn absorption (P=0.360 and P=0.527, respectively) or faecal Zn concentration (P=0.442 and P=0.385, respectively). The nutrient digestibility was lower in sows fed diets that include the hydrolysed feather meal (P<0.001). In this study, Zn source and protein source were no major factors influencing Zn status. The impact of dietary Zn concentration on Zn status biomarkers and claw quality was studied in weaned piglets (Chapter 6a) and sows (Chapter 6b). Weaned piglets (n=24, 4 weeks of age) were fed a non-supplemented diet (42 mg Zn/kg diet, Zn originates from the ingredients only) or Zn-supplemented diet (106 mg Zn as ZnO/kg diet) for 5 weeks. Within 5 weeks, plasma Zn concentration was 24.2 μg/dL lower for non-supplemented piglets (P=0.003). Also horn growth and wear was lower in non-supplemented piglets (P=0.044 and P<0.001, respectively). Although, claw conformation differed, histological claw characteristics were not different between the two dietary treatment groups (P>0.100) (Chapter 6a). In the longitudinal study on six groups of sows (n=131 at the start), sows within each group were randomly divided into a non-supplemented, 50 or 100 mg Zn/kg supplemented dietary treatment group (Chapter 6b). The sows were followed for three reproductive cycles and group housed on concrete or rubber top-layer floors during d28 and d108 of gestation. In this longitudinal study, serum MT concentrations and concentrations of Zn in plasma, liver, and bone did not differ between dietary treatment groups (P=0.771, P=0.125, P=0.717 and P=0.262, respectively). This indicates that all sows were able to maintain Zn homeostasis. However, (reproductive) performance was lower for the 100 mg Zn/kg supplemented sows (P<0.010). The fluctuations observed for plasma Zn and serum MT concentrations in chapter 4 were confirmed in this study. For claw quality, dietary Zn concentration seems to play a minor role, especially compared to effects found for floor type. Only heel horn erosion scores were better for the 100 mg Zn/kg supplemented sows at d50 of the reproductive cycle (P=0.014), but the difference of 4.2 mm was small and might be irrelevant. Some differences were found for claw conformation but no systematic differences were found over the wide range of measurements included in this study. In conclusion, assessing Zn status to monitor the impact on claw quality requires a careful selection of biomarkers. Fluctuations of Zn status biomarkers throughout the reproductive cycle interfere with the observed concentrations of biomarkers, independently of dietary Zn concentration. To interpret the observed Zn status, phase within the reproductive cycle has to be taken into account. Within the tested range of dietary Zn concentrations, the Zn inclusion level, Zn source, and protein source did not influence Zn status biomarkers in sows. Likewise, claw quality seemed not to be affected in sows by the Zn inclusion level of the gestation diet, although periods of lower Zn status (decreased plasma Zn and serum MT concentration) during reproduction were present. Claw quality varied considerably throughout the reproductive cycle, indicating that phase within the reproductive cycle is as important for claw quality as it is for Zn status biomarkers. In weaned piglets, dietary Zn concentration seems to be important, affecting claw quality if Zn was not supplemented to the diet, but more research is warranted. Future research should focus on performing studies to identify the physiological mechanisms involved during reproduction, which controls and directs the fluctuations of Zn status biomarkers. This will improve the understanding of Zn metabolism. Other experimental conditions and biomarkers can be implemented to evaluate the effect of Zn and protein source on Zn status biomarkers and Zn bioavailability. Furthermore, the condition where Zn can improve claw quality should be identified from birth throughout reproduction. Lastly, future studies should validate the minor role of dietary Zn concentration on Zn status and claw quality when dietary concentrations of other mineral fluctuate.",

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T1 - Zinc status assessment and the impact of dietary zinc on claw quality in pigs

AU - Van Riet, Miriam

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N2 - Zn status assessment to diagnose Zn deficiency or to determine Zn requirements and Zn availability was evaluated for production animals. Responses to dietary Zn concentration differ between biomarkers and not all biomarkers are suitable for all study objectives. Dietary Zn intake is preferred as additional biomarker to plasma Zn concentration or daily growth as response criterion. Body tissues and plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) seem less suitable, and metallothionein (MT) as biomarker requires further research. Biomarkers therefore need to be selected based on the particular research question. The concentration of some suitable biomarkers may be influenced by reproduction. In order to understand clearly the physiological variations of biomarkers throughout the reproductive cycle of sows, we performed an observational study with the most suitable biomarkers for Zn status assessment (Chapter 4). Five primiparous and 10 multiparous sows were followed as one group for one reproductive cycle. Blood samples collected at regular intervals during the reproductive cycle were analysed for plasma Zn, serum MT, serum ALP, and serum albumin concentration. Fluctuations were found for each biomarker throughout the reproductive cycle (P<0.050), independently of parity, but the observed patterns differ among the biomarkers. As phase within the reproductive cycle interferes with Zn status biomarkers, dietary Zn concentration, Zn source and protein source may influence Zn status as well. We tried to identify the impact of Zn source and protein source in sows during late gestation (Chapter 5). Sows (n=56) at the end of gestation (d86) were fed a diet that differed in the combination of Zn and protein source for 20 days. An organic or inorganic Zn source was supplemented to soybean meal or hydrolysed feather meal. Plasma Zn concentration tended to decrease from d1 to d20 (P=0.053), whereas serum MT concentration increased (P<0.001). No interaction was found between Zn and protein source for plasma Zn (P=0.158) and serum MT concentration. Neither Zn nor protein source affected the apparent faecal Zn absorption (P=0.360 and P=0.527, respectively) or faecal Zn concentration (P=0.442 and P=0.385, respectively). The nutrient digestibility was lower in sows fed diets that include the hydrolysed feather meal (P<0.001). In this study, Zn source and protein source were no major factors influencing Zn status. The impact of dietary Zn concentration on Zn status biomarkers and claw quality was studied in weaned piglets (Chapter 6a) and sows (Chapter 6b). Weaned piglets (n=24, 4 weeks of age) were fed a non-supplemented diet (42 mg Zn/kg diet, Zn originates from the ingredients only) or Zn-supplemented diet (106 mg Zn as ZnO/kg diet) for 5 weeks. Within 5 weeks, plasma Zn concentration was 24.2 μg/dL lower for non-supplemented piglets (P=0.003). Also horn growth and wear was lower in non-supplemented piglets (P=0.044 and P<0.001, respectively). Although, claw conformation differed, histological claw characteristics were not different between the two dietary treatment groups (P>0.100) (Chapter 6a). In the longitudinal study on six groups of sows (n=131 at the start), sows within each group were randomly divided into a non-supplemented, 50 or 100 mg Zn/kg supplemented dietary treatment group (Chapter 6b). The sows were followed for three reproductive cycles and group housed on concrete or rubber top-layer floors during d28 and d108 of gestation. In this longitudinal study, serum MT concentrations and concentrations of Zn in plasma, liver, and bone did not differ between dietary treatment groups (P=0.771, P=0.125, P=0.717 and P=0.262, respectively). This indicates that all sows were able to maintain Zn homeostasis. However, (reproductive) performance was lower for the 100 mg Zn/kg supplemented sows (P<0.010). The fluctuations observed for plasma Zn and serum MT concentrations in chapter 4 were confirmed in this study. For claw quality, dietary Zn concentration seems to play a minor role, especially compared to effects found for floor type. Only heel horn erosion scores were better for the 100 mg Zn/kg supplemented sows at d50 of the reproductive cycle (P=0.014), but the difference of 4.2 mm was small and might be irrelevant. Some differences were found for claw conformation but no systematic differences were found over the wide range of measurements included in this study. In conclusion, assessing Zn status to monitor the impact on claw quality requires a careful selection of biomarkers. Fluctuations of Zn status biomarkers throughout the reproductive cycle interfere with the observed concentrations of biomarkers, independently of dietary Zn concentration. To interpret the observed Zn status, phase within the reproductive cycle has to be taken into account. Within the tested range of dietary Zn concentrations, the Zn inclusion level, Zn source, and protein source did not influence Zn status biomarkers in sows. Likewise, claw quality seemed not to be affected in sows by the Zn inclusion level of the gestation diet, although periods of lower Zn status (decreased plasma Zn and serum MT concentration) during reproduction were present. Claw quality varied considerably throughout the reproductive cycle, indicating that phase within the reproductive cycle is as important for claw quality as it is for Zn status biomarkers. In weaned piglets, dietary Zn concentration seems to be important, affecting claw quality if Zn was not supplemented to the diet, but more research is warranted. Future research should focus on performing studies to identify the physiological mechanisms involved during reproduction, which controls and directs the fluctuations of Zn status biomarkers. This will improve the understanding of Zn metabolism. Other experimental conditions and biomarkers can be implemented to evaluate the effect of Zn and protein source on Zn status biomarkers and Zn bioavailability. Furthermore, the condition where Zn can improve claw quality should be identified from birth throughout reproduction. Lastly, future studies should validate the minor role of dietary Zn concentration on Zn status and claw quality when dietary concentrations of other mineral fluctuate.

AB - Zn status assessment to diagnose Zn deficiency or to determine Zn requirements and Zn availability was evaluated for production animals. Responses to dietary Zn concentration differ between biomarkers and not all biomarkers are suitable for all study objectives. Dietary Zn intake is preferred as additional biomarker to plasma Zn concentration or daily growth as response criterion. Body tissues and plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) seem less suitable, and metallothionein (MT) as biomarker requires further research. Biomarkers therefore need to be selected based on the particular research question. The concentration of some suitable biomarkers may be influenced by reproduction. In order to understand clearly the physiological variations of biomarkers throughout the reproductive cycle of sows, we performed an observational study with the most suitable biomarkers for Zn status assessment (Chapter 4). Five primiparous and 10 multiparous sows were followed as one group for one reproductive cycle. Blood samples collected at regular intervals during the reproductive cycle were analysed for plasma Zn, serum MT, serum ALP, and serum albumin concentration. Fluctuations were found for each biomarker throughout the reproductive cycle (P<0.050), independently of parity, but the observed patterns differ among the biomarkers. As phase within the reproductive cycle interferes with Zn status biomarkers, dietary Zn concentration, Zn source and protein source may influence Zn status as well. We tried to identify the impact of Zn source and protein source in sows during late gestation (Chapter 5). Sows (n=56) at the end of gestation (d86) were fed a diet that differed in the combination of Zn and protein source for 20 days. An organic or inorganic Zn source was supplemented to soybean meal or hydrolysed feather meal. Plasma Zn concentration tended to decrease from d1 to d20 (P=0.053), whereas serum MT concentration increased (P<0.001). No interaction was found between Zn and protein source for plasma Zn (P=0.158) and serum MT concentration. Neither Zn nor protein source affected the apparent faecal Zn absorption (P=0.360 and P=0.527, respectively) or faecal Zn concentration (P=0.442 and P=0.385, respectively). The nutrient digestibility was lower in sows fed diets that include the hydrolysed feather meal (P<0.001). In this study, Zn source and protein source were no major factors influencing Zn status. The impact of dietary Zn concentration on Zn status biomarkers and claw quality was studied in weaned piglets (Chapter 6a) and sows (Chapter 6b). Weaned piglets (n=24, 4 weeks of age) were fed a non-supplemented diet (42 mg Zn/kg diet, Zn originates from the ingredients only) or Zn-supplemented diet (106 mg Zn as ZnO/kg diet) for 5 weeks. Within 5 weeks, plasma Zn concentration was 24.2 μg/dL lower for non-supplemented piglets (P=0.003). Also horn growth and wear was lower in non-supplemented piglets (P=0.044 and P<0.001, respectively). Although, claw conformation differed, histological claw characteristics were not different between the two dietary treatment groups (P>0.100) (Chapter 6a). In the longitudinal study on six groups of sows (n=131 at the start), sows within each group were randomly divided into a non-supplemented, 50 or 100 mg Zn/kg supplemented dietary treatment group (Chapter 6b). The sows were followed for three reproductive cycles and group housed on concrete or rubber top-layer floors during d28 and d108 of gestation. In this longitudinal study, serum MT concentrations and concentrations of Zn in plasma, liver, and bone did not differ between dietary treatment groups (P=0.771, P=0.125, P=0.717 and P=0.262, respectively). This indicates that all sows were able to maintain Zn homeostasis. However, (reproductive) performance was lower for the 100 mg Zn/kg supplemented sows (P<0.010). The fluctuations observed for plasma Zn and serum MT concentrations in chapter 4 were confirmed in this study. For claw quality, dietary Zn concentration seems to play a minor role, especially compared to effects found for floor type. Only heel horn erosion scores were better for the 100 mg Zn/kg supplemented sows at d50 of the reproductive cycle (P=0.014), but the difference of 4.2 mm was small and might be irrelevant. Some differences were found for claw conformation but no systematic differences were found over the wide range of measurements included in this study. In conclusion, assessing Zn status to monitor the impact on claw quality requires a careful selection of biomarkers. Fluctuations of Zn status biomarkers throughout the reproductive cycle interfere with the observed concentrations of biomarkers, independently of dietary Zn concentration. To interpret the observed Zn status, phase within the reproductive cycle has to be taken into account. Within the tested range of dietary Zn concentrations, the Zn inclusion level, Zn source, and protein source did not influence Zn status biomarkers in sows. Likewise, claw quality seemed not to be affected in sows by the Zn inclusion level of the gestation diet, although periods of lower Zn status (decreased plasma Zn and serum MT concentration) during reproduction were present. Claw quality varied considerably throughout the reproductive cycle, indicating that phase within the reproductive cycle is as important for claw quality as it is for Zn status biomarkers. In weaned piglets, dietary Zn concentration seems to be important, affecting claw quality if Zn was not supplemented to the diet, but more research is warranted. Future research should focus on performing studies to identify the physiological mechanisms involved during reproduction, which controls and directs the fluctuations of Zn status biomarkers. This will improve the understanding of Zn metabolism. Other experimental conditions and biomarkers can be implemented to evaluate the effect of Zn and protein source on Zn status biomarkers and Zn bioavailability. Furthermore, the condition where Zn can improve claw quality should be identified from birth throughout reproduction. Lastly, future studies should validate the minor role of dietary Zn concentration on Zn status and claw quality when dietary concentrations of other mineral fluctuate.

M3 - Doctoral dissertation - Doctoral dissertation

PB - Universiteit Gent

CY - Gent

ER -

Zinc status assessment and the impact of dietary zinc on claw quality in pigs

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ZEUKREU: De ontwikkeling en preventie van klauw- en pootproblemen bij zeugen in groepshuisvesting : interactieve effecten van gedrag, voeding en stalvloer

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